river

page 303 of Living Energies by Coats and Schauberger

Triboluminescence: An internal glow or luminescence produced when two or more crystalline rocks of similar composition are rubbed hard together or struck against one another and is attributed to the energy given off by the electrons contained the rocks as they return from a pressure-induced, excited state to their rest orbits. As a phenomenon it can occur both in air and under water.

 

http://www.hasslberger.com/tecno/tecno_2.htm

Hydropower engineering, up to this day, is almost esclusively concerned with two variables, one being the altitude differential between head water and turbine and the other the quantity of water that can be brought to flow through the turbines.

A third important variable, the velocity of flow of water, is generally not thought to be important. It is taken into consideration only as the velocity resulting from the release of water pressure connected to and dependent on altitude differential but not as an important factor in its own right. In fact, current design of hydropower facilities normally excludes utilization of the dynamic energy potential inherent in the free flow of water. A dam destroys this natural energy potential by bringing the water from its dynamic state of flow to a static state, a complete absence of motion.

If we study the writings of Viktor Schauberger and Ludwig Herbrand, we find that the energy inherent in the free and unhindered flow of water may be potentially much greater than that obtainable from the exclusive use of pressure resulting from altitude differential.

A normal flow of water rather than an altitude-induced pressure, has been used in mills and old blacksmith hammerworks of the pre-industrial era.

Schauberger

In recent times, it was Viktor Schauberger, the Austrian inventor and genial observer of nature's ways who first advocated the use of increased water velocity rather than water pressure for the production of hydroelectric power. He obtained a patent for what he termed a jet turbine (Strahlturbine) as early as the year 1930. (1)

The principles used by Schauberger in order to increase water velocity were the jet configuration of the water inlet pipe and the promotion, by spiral ribbings on the inside of the jet, of a vortex motion of the water.

Schauberger's patent actually gives us two very important clues to innovative changes in hydropower technology.

The first one is, that a pipe configured as a funnel or jet will increase the velocity of the water's flow by restricting the space available in which the water may flow. This increase in velocity is especially great if the funnel or jet allows or even encourages the water to form a characteristic flow pattern known as a vortex. This vortex pattern itself has a tendency, quite separate from the jet-effect, to increase the velocity of the water, to decrease its temperature and to augment the water's density.

The second innovation proposed by Schauberger is a revolutionary design of the turbine, obtaining rotation at very high speeds and at the same time avoiding the usual difficulties of cavitation found in normal high speed turbine designs. In fact Schauberger's turbine wheel is of conical shape, with 'ribs' spiralling down the surface of the cone in a corkscrew pattern, and it is located in the center of the jet of water. The corkscrew turbine wheel parts the flow of water, takes up the water's dynamic energy and lets the flow continue without major disruption. Turbines of current design "hack" the water into thousands of destructive counter flows and cross vortices, thus wasting much of the available energy and causing the common problem of cavitation, a super fast corrosion and destruction of turbine blade material.

Here is the description of this new type of turbine as given in Schauberger's patent number 117 749:

"The subject of the invention is a hydropower machine, which utilizes the living energy of a jet of water for the purpose of power generation.

According to the invention, the turbine wheel is a cone with corkscrew-like blades. The cone is aligned with its axis in the direction of the axis of the jet. In this way the jet of water is split and diverted out of its course and thus gives its whole living energy to the spinning cone in a way that, providing the lenght of the cone and the width of its base are in a correct relation to each other and provided the blades are set at the correct angle, these parameters depending on the speed of the water jet, the water will flow out of the machine without agitation.

The illustration is an approximate schematic representation of the invention.

The spinning cone, which is aligned with its axis (1) in the direction of the water jet leaving the jet pipe (2), is made up of blades (3) in the form of a corkscrew.

The ends (4) of these blades (3) are bent somewhat upwards against the direction of the arriving water jet in order to cause a diversion of the jet and to transfer as much as possible of the living energy of the jet to the spinning cone.

On the inside of the jet pipe (2) there are screw-like ribs (5) promoting a spin, which according to actual observations increase the speed of the water jet and the efficiency of the machine.

PATENT CLAIMS:

• A jet turbine, distinguished by the fact that in the path of the water jet and aligned with its axis so as to split the jet, there is a turbine wheel in the form of a cone, the surface of which is formed of corkscrew-like blades.

• A jet turbine according to claim 1, distinguished by a jet pipe (2) with ribs (5) slanted in the direction of spin of the turbine wheel."

This patent was applied for in 1926 and granted in 1930. It seems that Schauberger actually used a small turbine of this design in a stream of water near the forest wardens' building during those years, to generate electricity, but no reliable records are available. (2)

Herbrand

Another instance of the use of the dynamic powers of flowing water has been documented by Ludwig Herbrand, a German engineer who as a student in the mid 1930's was called to evaluate and calculate the parameters of some generators and exciter units that had recently been installed in the Rheinfelden power station, as well as to design electrical overload protection and relevant switching mechanisms for these generators. He was also required to compare the generators with those of another power station that had been described in an article of a specialized magazine.

Much to the dismay of the then young and inquisitive engineering student, it seemed that the generators under examination were supplying more electrical energy than they should have, according to accepted theory. One of the generators of the Rheinfelden power plant, with 50 cubic meters of water per second and an altitude differential of only one meter supplied just as much power as a generator in near Ryburg-Schwörstadt, which had a capacity of 250 cubic meters of water per second and an altitude differential from head waters to turbine of 12 meters! (3)

That fact was confirmed by prof. Finzi, the designer of the turbines and generators, saying to young Herbrand:

"Do not worry about this. It is correct. The generator has been working without problems for some time now. Make the calculations backwards and you will see for yourself. We are electrical engineers. Why, those other problems are not ours to solve, we leave them to the water people. We have repeated our measurements and the generator's yield of power is exactly as specified. The only thing is - no one knows about this." (4)

Herbrand was soon drafted into the army and World War II did not allow him to pursue the matter further. Only much later, in the 1970s and 1980s, Herbrand came back to the calculations made for his engineering exams and tried - so far without success - to interest industry and government in this different and more efficient use of hydropower.

Technical facts

I shall attempt to delineate here the technical facts, using calculations that are based on accepted formulas and physical considerations confirmed by actual experiment, to show that with a different approach to hydropower engineering, we could obtain significantly more electrical power than is being extracted from hydro resources today, with simpler machinery and less expenditure, as well as less disturbance to the environment.

As mentioned above, current hydropower engineering works with water pressure, obtained as a result of the altitude differential between head waters and location of the turbine. This pressure, when released through the turbine, results in a momentary acceleration of the water and thus in a certain velocity of the water jet. This velocity is calculated with the formula

v = Sqrt 2 ^. g ^. h v being the velocity, g the gravitational acceleration of the earth (9.81 m/sec²) and h the altitude differential measured in meters.

Example: An altitude of 12 m results in a velocity of Sqrt 2 ^. 9.81 ^. 12 = 15.3 m/sec.

The progression of velocity in relation to altitude differential is shown in the following table.

head in meters	12	24	36	48	60	72	84	96	108	120
velocity in m/sec	15.3	21.7	26.6	30.7	34.3	37.6	40.6	43.4	46	48.5
head in meters	132	144	156	168	180	192	204	216	228	240
velocity in m/sec	50.9	53.1	55.3	57.4	59.4	61.4	63.3	65.1	66.9	68.6

These values are rendered graphically below.


We see that the curve of velocity at first increases more steeply and then tends to flatten with higher altitude differentials.

Let us now examine the energy output in kilowatt with increasing altitude differential.


The increase of energy output is linear, as shown in the graphic above.

Calculation

The electrical energy that can be obtained from water is calculated on the basis of the velocity of flow and the mass of the water, i.e. magnitude of flow measured in cubic meters per second, according to the formula

E kin = m/2 ^. v ² (kw)

An example, assuming a velocity of 25 m/sec and a mass of 5 cubic meters per second:

..."Evidence suggests that many fish exploit the natural instability of the flow energetics to assist them in propulsion and maneuvering. By tuning their own kinematics, the fish is able to swim efficiently, to generate large thrust and turning forces, and to move silently through the flow with minimal wasted energy...."

This document is based on http://www.sulis-health.co.uk/vs/links.shtml

Implementing Schauberger's Vision

A listing of groups and individuals working on reseach
and development inspired by Schauberger's work.

Introduction

It is clear that many are now responding to Viktor's call to become familiar with Nature's laws and to work with them. They are recognizing that this is the only way to start turning back from the terminal disasters that otherwise surely await humankind. As with any significant changes of consciousness in human history, a few pioneers become the leaven through which all of society starts to wake up and, like a cosmic shift, the awakening becomes unstoppable.

What follows are examples of what these pioneers are up to. For the most part these are very practical projects, often to do with water purification, river management or energy generation. What these innovations often have in common is the influence of the spiral or of vortex energy. The one area that is missing is that of implosive energy generation. Without Viktor's models and detailed drawings, it is hard to see how anyone can crack that nut, unless someone in American or Russian intelligence leaks some vital notes (as happened with Schauberger's notes that Evgeny Podkletnov inherited when Soviet Intelligence raided Schauberger's Vienna flat at the end of the war).

There is, however, the theory of spontaneous or synchronistic origination, which some claim accounted for the simultaneous discovery of electricity and other significant breakthroughs. When the time is right and the need is great, perhaps some higher intelligence with a concern for human evolution cooperates with Nature to sow simultaneously the necessary seeds in a number of fertile minds.
 
Australia

As in the USA, many Australians are sympathetic to Schauberger's ideas. Many people depend on rivers for their water source. The author, Callum Coats who has tested a number of Viktor's experiments was inspired to design a well to receive water filtered from the river. A well should be dug about 5-10 metres from the river bank, depending on the size of the river, about 1 metre in diameter, the depth to correspond to the depth of the river bed. If the soil between the river and the well shaft is porous, the water will be filtered by the soil. If the soil is impervious, a channel connecting the river and well shaft should be dug and filled with fine sand to act as a filter. The well shaft must be entirely covered at the surface, to keep the well dark and cool and discourage the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The pump should be well away from the opening to avoid pollution, and the opening should be raised if there is any chance of the river flooding and pouring into the well (see the book Living Energies, p.202) This system was first set up in 1972 and in recent contact with the present owner of the property (purchased in 1979) Callum Coats was told that the water supply had at all times functioned flawlessly, and still does.

Callum Coats is also involved in the making of a 3-part video on Viktor Schauberger's theories in conjunction with Martin Selecki of Filmstream in Byron Bay, NSW, as well as in the production of a 50 litre water cooling egg-shaped container in association with Phil Sedgman of 'Living Water Flow-Forms, also of Byron Bay.

Coats has written or edited several books on Schauberger.

Austria

After his father died, Walter Schauberger set up, in 1962, the Pythagoras Kepler School (PKS) at Engleithen in the Salzkammergut mountains of Upper Austria. He was a physicist and mathematician, and set out to validate mathematically his father's research. His particular interests were harmonic theories (the monochord) and conceptions of non-Euclidian geometry (plane sections of a hyperbolic cone). He never published his research; however, Callum Coats, who studied with Walter at the PKS, is currently writing up some of Walter's work. It was intended that Walter's eldest son, a physicist, Dr. Tilman Schauberger should succeed him at the PKS but, in the event, Tilman died shortly after his father's death in 1994.

As a result, Walter's younger son Jörg gave up his work in the Austrian media to help save his grandfather's work. Aided by his wife, he runs courses at the PKS for those who wish to learn more about the Eco-technology heritage. Every year, there are usually about six seminars in German, with participants from Austria, Germany, Switzerland, but also from Italy, Hungary, the Benelux Countries or from Scandinavia. Less frequently they now also run international seminars in English, bringing together people from all over the world who are engaged in Schauberger-inspired research, to share their findings. Speakers at these seminars are specialists or technicians in water or environmental issues who are willing to follow unorthodox ways of studying how Nature works. Members of the PKS now give lectures in many different countries round the world.

Water and the vortex are the present main topics of study at the PKS. However, they intend to test Viktor's ideas for river balancing with energy bodies and flow guides to help rivers flow naturally and to protect valuable land and property from flooding.

The Schauberger Archives are open for research by appointment - see the PKS website. The PKS copper gardening tools, books, cards and videos are on sale by mail order.

Britain

John Wilkes, an artist and sculptor at Emerson College in Sussex, has pioneered the Virbela Flowforms, which are a series of formed basins, usually in concrete, arranged on sloping ground, to stimulate a water flow into figure-of-eight vortical movements, causing the water to pulsate rhythmically. This movement simulates a mountain stream, energizing, restructuring and oxygenating the water. His first flowform installed near Stockholm, Sweden in 1973, which is part of a biological sewage recycling system for a community of 200, has been a great success. The Flow Form Design Group has contacts in 35 countries that have led to more than 1000 installations in over 30 countries, their purposes ranging from the aesthetic and educational to biological purification, farming, interior air conditioning and medical/therapeutic use.

Wilkes studied projective geometry under the distinguished mathematician George Adams, at his Insitut für Stromungswissenschaffen (Flow Research) at Herrischreid in Germany, and later collaborated with Theodor Schwenk. It is tempting to believe that Schauberger's insights about water probably share a common source to Adams'. Certainly people often tend to link Wilkes' Flowforms with Schauberger's vision of water.

Implementations, a British group which markets the Schauberger-inspired copper gardening tools is also developing a full-sized phosphor bronze "Golden Plough" in order to run tests to replicate the increases in fertility that Viktor found with his prototype.

A novel initiative combining healing techniques with the Schauberger vortex principle has been developed by the Centre for Implosion Research (CIR), in Plymouth. For the Vortex Energisers, specially imploded water is injected into a spiral-vortex cone-shaped copper pipe. The specific shape enables continual recharging of the imploded water from cosmic energy (the ether) always present in the environment, and is used to improve the quality of either standing water or drinking water supplies and to balance the energy in local environments.

The CIR also produce much smaller, Personal Harmonisers, flat spiral shaped tubular forms inspired from the spiral carvings found at the great Neolithic ritual site at New Grange in Ireland. The small tubes contain imploded water, which is continually recharged by the environment because of their spiral form. Worn as ornaments or jewellery, they enhance the personal energy field and may be placed under a glass of water or a wine glass to improve the quality of the liquid. The great popularity of these devices is a compliment to their efficacy to improve energy or enhance individuals' sense of well-being.

Denmark

One of a number of vortex water treatment groups, Clean-Water has developed a very practical 2-litre jug for home use. The Living Water Vortex Jug employs in its screw-down lid a small motor to drive an impeller that forms a splendid vortex in the water for 4 minutes. It claims to erase impressions of the water's history of abuse, by superimposing more refined, constructive energies. The water is restructured, cooled, softened and purified, and has been very well received world-wide.

Germany

Although Viktor's contemporaries have long since gone, and also most of Walter's, there are still some who knew them. Norbert Harthun has re-formed his Gruppe der Neuen (the New Group), whose aims are to explore Viktor & Walter Schauberger's theories and to interpret them in contemporary scientific idiom.

In 1967 the terms "environmental pollution" and "environmental protection" were virtually unheard of. At that time nobody demanded a gentle technology, friendly to Nature. In that year Walter Schauberger, a scientist who was then a 'lone voice', gave a lecture on "Biologically Oriented Technology", in the centre of the heavily polluted Ruhr (the main coal mining area of Germany). Walter whose home was in Austria wanted to have an official German base. In response, Dr. Norbert Harthun, and a few other specialists, founded the Gruppe der Neuen in Aachen to promote a technology that conformed with Nature's laws. The Group also decided to launch their own scientific bulletin "Mensch und Technik - naturgemäß" to publish articles about the possibilities of a new science for working with Nature. This innovative journal has now been a leader in its field for 26 years.

Members of the Group have given many lectures at home and abroad on the theme of how to restore good heart to Nature and the environment as part of a requirement for a high quality of life. The pioneering work of this and similar groups has initiated a change in awareness that was inconceivable 30 years ago. The Gruppe der Neuen has remained consistently independent from institutions and sponsors. It is still active, and its web site gives details of its published articles.

Implosion is a quarterly magazine founded in 1958 by Aloys Kokaly, generally aimed at the lay reader, which is still published quarterly or semi-annually by Klaus Rauber. It has been, without doubt, the richest repository of Viktor Schauberger's writing (in German), and has been the source of substantial portions of the Eco-Technology series.

A portable water treatment device is the Aqua-Vortex, which is a spiral-shaped wire cone that fits into a funnel, creating a spiraling flow of tap water into a jug. This process oxygenates the water, improving its taste. This simple gismo has proved very popular.

Sweden

Olof Alexandersson is a Swedish engineer who became interested in Viktor Schauberger's research in 1956 and wrote the excellent introductory book Living Water: Viktor Schauberger and the Secrets of Natural Energy. He did not meet Viktor, but developed a friendship with his son Walter and met many of Viktor's old friends and colleagues. In 1963 he formed the Swedish Science group for Biotechnical Technology which produced (among other devices) an "apparatus for biological synthesis of spring water", which was similar to Viktor's Repulsator (see p.xx).

This important research is being carried on today by the Institute for Ecological Technology in Malmö, Sweden. IET was formed by Olof Alexandersson as a foundation to continue the work of Biotechnical Technology. In the early 1980s IET organized an expedition to the Ouluanka Nature national park in Finland. Its aim was to verify Viktor's observations in an untouched natural environment. Later, IET replicated Schauberger's "double water jets" experiment and continued to work with the Repulsator.

Today IET is run as an association which evaluates, develops annd applies Viktor Schauberger's ideas and theories. It operates a loose network, the IET-community, to help anyone who has an idea for a research project in the area, and runs networking seminars. IET helped with the organization of IWONE 2001 (International Workshop for Natural Energies), whose next workshop will be in Sweden, August 2003.

IET (which was known as the "Malmö group") has replicated Schauberger's Stuttgart experiments, interpreting them in the light of modern chaos- and self-organizing-systems research. Ongoing projects are mainly in three areas: for the purification, improvement and desalination of water; for energy production using ideas from the turbine in the Repulsine; and propulsion methods for air and water vehicles.

U.K.

(see Britain)

U.S.A.

The pioneer spirit is still alive in the U.S.A., and we expect to add many to our list of American Schauberger innovators. The interest in permaculture and biodynamic farming predisposes many towards Schauberger's vision.

One such is Dan Reese, who developed Vortex Water Systems in Texas, inspired by reading Alexandersson's Living Water. They are designed to solve the increasing problem of pollution of wells in the American South, by unwanted salts and minerals, and to restructure the water so that it feels smooth, uses less soap and tastes pure. The Vortex system has no moving parts or filters, does not use chemicals and is driven only by the force of the well pump. It was found that the system could be expanded to service as many as 76 homes from one well. A system is now being tested for removing mineral salts from a salt intrusion well, and a larger farm system to help with the problem of cotton rot and to use less water to grow the same amount of crops. These will be major breakthroughs for the industry.

Schauberger- & Ecotechnology-associated Websites & addresses